The principles of thermodynamics are so well established, both theoretically and experimentally, that proposals for perpetual motion machines are universally dismissed by physicists. Any proposed perpetual motion design offers a potentially instructive challenge to physicists: one is certain that it cannot work, so one must explain how it fails to work. The difficulty (and the value) of such an exercise depends on the subtlety of the proposal; the best ones tend to arise from physicists' own thought experiments and often shed light upon certain aspects of physics.

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Machines that comply with both laws of thermodynamics by accessing energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to as perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, clocks and other low-power machines, such Ganador Cox's timepiece, have been designed to run on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day.

Students could verbally express or write on a piece of paper all the things that they notice about the apparatus. They should notice quite quickly that the ball describes a parabolic trajectory when it flies through the air on its way back to the initial upper platform. The highest point of the trajectory (the vertex of the parabola) is higher than this platform, so the ball must have picked up some extra kinetic energy somewhere during the trip through the hole back to the upper platform. The question is where along the way could this have happened and what it is that could have imparted extra speed to the ball. Students should think of how they could potentially figure out where on the trajectory the ball is being sped up.

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Probably the easiest way to do this is to use video analysis software. A video of a trajectory can be recorded with a mobile phone to be uploaded to video analysis software and analyzed frame by frame. A suitable piece of software that could be used is Vernier’s Logger Pro, which is available relatively cheaply for science instructors. Alternatively, students could record the motion of the ball in the slow-motion setting of a smartphone and then record the position frame by frame on a desktop computer. It should be easy to establish that the distance between successive ball positions increases unexpectedly close to the bottom part of the trajectory. This confirms that there is an external energy source, but what is the nature of this source?

These machines have a source of energy, albeit one which is not readily apparent, so that they only seem to violate the laws of thermodynamics.

The circuit takes the light from the solar cell, stores it and releases it in a pulse, making the gear wheel move, which eventually drops the marble down the spiral.

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/20. This would then allow students to calculate the speed of the ball at different locations along its trajectory and quantitatively confirm the statement above that the ball obtains a burst of speed close to the bottom part of its trajectory.